Effect of Smoking on Peridontal Health: A Comparative Study

Authors

  • Faisal Salim
  • Chander Kumar
  • Seeme Nigar
  • Sabeen Masood
  • Muhammad Asif Raz
  • Bilal Sarwar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2021102

Keywords:

Smoking, periodontal health, calculus deposition, oral hygiene

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between smoking and calculus decomposition among patients presenting at a
tertiary hospital of Karachi.
Study Design and Settings: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at periodontic OPD Altamash Institute
of Dental Medicin,e Karachi for six months from 15- September-2021 to 15-February-2022.
Methodology: About 150 male patients of age 11 to 60 years coming for routine check-ups were included. Patients were
divided into two groups on basis of their smoking status. Clinical examination was performed for each tooth and presence
of calculus was evaluated using Oral Hygiene Index (OHI).The measurement of calculus was done by visual investigation
and tactile examination by using periodontal probe and mirror. For each individual, one tooth was selected from each
sextant and average OHI score is calculated. Supra-gingival calculus present near marginal gingiva was labeled as mild
whereas supra and sub gingival calculus with gum recession along with calculus covering more than half of tooth surface
was labeled as severe.
Results: Among 75 smokers, 44% had mild and 56% had severe calculus deposition whereas among 75 non-smokers,
86.7% had mild and 13.3% had severe calculus deposition. Odds of smoking among patients with severe deposition is 8.27
times higher than odds of smoking among patients with mild calculus deposition (OR=8.27, 95% CI=3.69-18.53) and
significant effect of smoking was observed on calculus deposition (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The study concluded that smoking has significant effect on calculus deposition. By taking smoking as a
discriminant variable it is proved that calculus deposition is higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers.

References

Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association

with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci

(Qassim). 2017;11(2):72-80. PMID: 28539867; PMCID:

PMC5426403.

Usui M, Onizuka S, Sato T, Kokabu S, Ariyoshi W, Nakashima

K. Mechanism of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis—

Periodontal bacteria and inflammation. Jpn Dent Sci Rev.

; 57:201-8.

Chen MX, Zhong YJ, Dong QQ, Wong HM, Wen YF. Global,

regional, and national burden of severe periodontitis,

–2019: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease

Study 2019. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2021;48(9):1165-88.

Gautam DK, Jindal V, Gupta SC, Tuli A, Kotwal B, Thakur

R. Effect of cigarette smoking on the periodontal health status:

A comparative, cross sectional study. J Indian Soc Periodontol.

;15(4): 383-7.DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.92575.

Griffin SO, Jones JA, Brunson D, Griffin PM, Bailey WD.

Burden of oral disease among older adults and implications

for public health priorities. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(3):

-8. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300362.

Baumeister SE, Freuer D, Nolde M, Kocher T, Baurecht H,

Khazaei Y, Ehmke B, Holtfreter B. Testing the association

between tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of

periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study. Journal of

Clinical Periodontology. 2021;48(11):1414-20.

Leite FR, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, Lopez R. Effect of

smoking on periodontitis: a systematic review and metaregression. American journal of preventive medicine. 2018;

(6):831-41.

Yang JJ, Yu D, Wen W, Shu XO, Saito E, Rahman S, Gupta

PC, He J, Tsugane S, Xiang YB, Gao YT. Tobacco smoking

and mortality in Asia: a pooled meta-analysis. JAMA network

open. 2019;2(3):e191474-.

Balto HA, Alabdulaaly L, Bahammam S, Asma'a A.

Comparative analysis of prevalence of apical periodontitis in

smokers and non-smokers using cone-beam computed

tomography. The Saudi dental journal. 2019;31(1):52-7.

Battancs E, Gheorghita D, Nyiraty S, Lengyel C, Eördegh G,

Baráth Z, Várkonyi T, Antal M. Periodontal disease in diabetes

mellitus: A case–control study in smokers and non-smokers.

Diabetes Therapy. 2020;11(11):2715-28.

Gill PS. Assessment of prevalence of periodontitis among

smokers and non-smokers: A comparative study. J Adv Med

Dent Scie Res 2019;7(12): 149-152.

Sreedevi M, Ramesh A, Dwarakanath C. Periodontal status

in smokers and nonsmokers: a clinical, microbiological, and

histopathological study. Int J Dent.;2012: 571590.DOI: 10.1155

/2012/571590

Agrawal R, Ahmed H, Soorgani N, Naik L, Reddy S,

Medabalmi M. Assessment of Periodontal Status in Pre- and

Postmenopausal Women with Chronic Periodontitis: A CrossSectional Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021;13(Suppl 2):

S997-S999. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_145_21.

Jafri Z, Bhardwaj A, Sawai M, Sultan N. Influence of female

sex hormones on periodontium: A case series. Journal of

natural science, biology, and medicine. 2015;6(Suppl 1):

S146.

Ho KY, Li HC, Lam KK, Chan SS, Wang MP, Chan VW, Xia

VW, Lam TH. Exploratory study on the relationship between

smoking and other risk behaviours among young smokers.

Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2018;27(13-14):2859-67.

Oppermann RV, Haas AN, Rösing CK, Susin C. Epidemiology

of periodontal diseases in adults from Latin America.

Periodontology 2000. 2015;67(1):13-33.

Haas AN, Prado R, Rios FS, Costa RD, Angst PD, Moura

MD, Maltz M, Jardim JJ. Occurrence and predictors of

gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of

Brazilian adults. Brazilian oral research. 2019;33.

Hussain M, Riasat M, Nisa WU, Ullah F, Shaid F. Assessment

of effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Health of

Patients Reporting to Dental Section of Bacha Khan Medical

College Mardan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health.

;10(3):185-9.

Boi-Ukeme CO, Azodo CC. Relating oral hygiene, gingival,

and periodontal status with nicotine dependence among

smokers-A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Sciences.

;17(4):127.

Robbihi HI, Sulaeman ES, Rahardjo SS. Path analysis: the

effect of smoking on the risk of periodontal disease. Indonesian

Journal of Medicine. 2018;3(2):99-109.

Woelber JP, Bienas H, Fabry G, Silbernagel W, Giesler M,

Tennert C et al. Oral hygiene-related self-efficacy as a predictor

of oral hygiene behaviour: a prospective cohort study. J Clin

Periodontol. 2015; 42:142-149.

Sarsilmazer G, Atilla G. The relationship between oral hygienerelated self-efficacy, general self-efficacy and daily plaque

control. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2020;18(2)

:182-91.

Bidinotto AB, Martins AB, Dos Santos CM, Hugo FN, Hilgert

JB, Celeste RK, Padilha DM, De Marchi RJ. Four-year

incidence rate and predictors of root caries among communitydwelling south Brazilian older adults. Community Dent Oral

Epidemiol. 2018;46(2):125-131. Doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12343.

Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28921685.

Zellmer M, Gahnberg L, Ramberg P. Prevalence of halitosis

in elderly living in nursing homes. Int J Dent Hyg. 2016

;14(4): 295-300.Doi: 10.1111/idh.12236. Epub 2016 Aug 1.

PMID: 27476817

Downloads

Published

2022-07-04

How to Cite

Salim, F. ., Kumar, C. ., Nigar, S. ., Masood, S. ., Raz, M. A. ., & Sarwar, B. . (2022). Effect of Smoking on Peridontal Health: A Comparative Study. Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 12(03), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2021102

Issue

Section

Original Articles