Cervical Spondylosis; An Inevitable But Preventable Catastrophe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2019016Abstract
Cervical spondylosis is a chronic degenerative disease which is prevalent in middle and aging population. Its cause is
multifactorial attributing to stress, anxiety, trauma, sports, occupational factors or use of handheld devices. It is easily
missed and neglected as it has an insidious onset, early subtle features, and resemblance with musculoskeletal problems.
It is essential to investigate and intervene because it places a significant impact on health care of individuals and can
adversely affect lifestyle by causing depression, dysphagia, and cervicogenic headache along with chronic neck pain, which
is ranked as the disabling cause of adjustable life years (DALY). It is responsible for causing minor symptoms like chronic
neck pain, numbness in hands as well as even quadriparesis or spastic gait. It needs to be diagnosed and treated earlier.
The state of art strategy adopted by health practitioners can be a promising future for the next generation. The objective
of this article is to discuss the anatomy, etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment options.
References
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM. Clinically oriented anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009;215(4):474.
Kwon Y, Kim JW, Heo JH, Jeon HM, Choi EB, Eom GM. The effect of sitting posture on the loads at cervico-thoracic and lumbosacral joints. Technology and health care: official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine. 2018;26(S1):409-18
Singla D, Veqar Z. Association between forward head, rounded shoulders, and increased thoracic kyphosis: a review of the literature. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2017;16(3):220-9
Xie Y, Szeto G, Dai J. Prevalence and risk factors associated with musculoskeletal complaints among users of mobile handheld devices: A systematic review. Applied ergonomics. 2017; 59:132-42.
Neupane S, Ali UTI, Mathew A, College MVS. Text Neck Syndrome - Systematic Review. Imp J Interdiscip Res. 2017; 3(7):141–8.
Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. Br Med J. 2007; 334(7592):527–31.
Sarig Bahat H, Feigelson E, Vulfsons S. The Potential Effect of Cervical Taping on Pain, Disability and Kinematics in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain-A Quasi-Experimental Study. Yoga Phys Ther Rehabil:2018;2018:1-9
Rudy SS, Poulos A, Owen L, Batters A, Kieliszek K, Willox J, et al. The correlation of radiographic findings and patient symptomatology in cervical degenerative joint disease: A cross-sectional study. Chiropr Man Ther. 2015; 23(1):1–7.
Walraevens J, Liu B, Vander Sloten J, Goffin J. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of degeneration of cervical intervertebral discs and facet joints. European Spine Journal. 2009; 18(3):358-69.
Wang C, Tian F, Zhou Y, He W, Cai Z. The incidence of cervical spondylosis decreases with aging in the elderly, and increases with aging in the young and adult population: A hospital-based clinical analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2016; 11:47–53.
Pohl M, Back T, Leimert M, Seifert J, Stoffel M, Amelung RI, et al. Cervical Radiculopathy. Aktuelle Neurol 2018; 45(5):349–69.
Caridi JM, Pumberger M, Hughes AP. Cervical Radiculopathy: A Review. HSS J. 2011; 7(3):265–72.
Voorhies RM. Cervical spondylosis: recognition, differential diagnosis, and management. The Ochsner Journal. 2001;3(2):78-84
Amenta PS, Ghobrial GM, Krespan K, Nguyen P, Ali M, Harrop JS. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy in the young adult: A review of the literature and clinical diagnostic criteria in an uncommon demographic. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014; 120:68–72.
Cook C, Brown C, Isaacs R, Roman M, Davis S, Richardson W. Clustered clinical findings for diagnosis of cervical spine myelopathy. J Man ManipTher. 2010; 18(4):175–80.
Malanga GA, Landes P, Nadler SF. Provocative tests in cervical spine examination: historical basis and scientific analyses. Pain Physician. 2003;6(2):199-206
Eloqayli H. Clinical Decision-Making in Chronic Spine Pain: Dilemma of Image-Based Diagnosis of Degenerative Spine and Generation Mechanisms for Nociceptive, Radicular, and Referred Pain. BioMed research international. 2018; 2018:8793843.
Singh S, Kumar D, Kumar S. Risk factors in cervical spondylosis. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2014; 5(4):221–6.
Oguntona SA. Cervical spondylosis in South West Nigerian farmers and female traders. Annals of African medicine. 2014; 13(2):61-4.
Ormos G. Survey of neck posture, mobility and muscle strength among schoolchildren. Man Medizin.2016; 54(3):156–62.
Kyu HH, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018; 392(10159):1859–922.
Lin SY, Lin CL, Chen DC, Lee HC, Chen H Te, Lin TC, et al. Risk of posterior circulation stroke in patients with cervical spondylosis: A nationwide, population-based study. Atherosclerosis. 2018; 277(2):42–6.
Lin SY Sung FC, Lin CL, Chou LW, Hsu CY, Kao CH. Association of Depression and Cervical Spondylosis: A Nationwide Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018; 7(11):387.
Vincent MB. Cervicogenic headache: the neck is a generator: con. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2010; 50(4):706-9.
Kawabori M, Hida K, Yano S, Iwasaki Y. Cervicogenic headache caused by lower cervical spondylosis. No shinkeigeka. Neurological surgery. 2009; 37(5):491-5.
Tian W, Yu J. The role of C2–C7 and O–C2 angle in the development of dysphagia after cervical spine surgery. Dysphagia. 2013; 28(2):131–8.
Papadopoulou S, Exarchakos G, Beris A, Ploumis A. Dysphagia associated with cervical spine and postural disorders. Dysphagia. 2013; 28(4):469–80.
Shih P, Simon PE, Pelzer HJ, Liu JC. Osteophyte formation after multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion causing a delayed presentation of functional dysphagia. The Spine Journal. 2010; 10(7):e1-5.
Kelly JC, Groarke PJ, Butler JS, Poynton AR, O’Byrne JM. The Natural History and Clinical Syndromes of Degenerative Cervical Spondylosis. Adv Orthop. doi: 10.1155/2012/393642.
Taha M, Jafari FH, Kashyar P, Asad MR, Sami W, Fahad F, et al. Analysis of Neck Length and its Incidence for Cervical Spondylosis in Young Adults. J Rawalpindi Med Coll. 2014; 18(1):3–6.
Mahajan P V, Bharucha BA. Evaluation of short neck: new neck length percentiles and linear correlations with height and sitting height. Indian Pediatr.1994; 31(10):1193–203.
Ferrara LA. The Biomechanics of Cervical Spondylosis. Adv Orthop. 2012; 2012:1–5.
Alpayci M, Ilter S. Isometric Exercise for the Cervical Extensors Can Help Restore Physiological Lordosis and Reduce Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017; 96(9):621–6.
Copurgensli C, Gur G, Tunay VB. A comparison of the effects of Mulligan’s mobilization and Kinesio taping on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and neck disability in patients with Cervical Spondylosis: A randomized controlled study. J Back MusculoskeletRehabil. 2017; 30(1):51–62.
Pandey A, Singh AK, Kumar S, Chaturvedi M, Verma S, Agarwal P, et al. The prevalence of cervical spondylosis in Muslim community with special reference to Namaz in Agra. Internet Journal of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology. 2017 ;5(1):1-5
Miao Q, Qiang JH, Jin YL. Effectiveness of percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for neck pain relief in patients with cervical spondylosis. Med (United States). 2018; 97(26):1–4.
Kheshie AR, Alayat MS, Ali MM (2014) High-intensity versus low-level laser therapy in the treatment of patients with knee oste- oarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(4):1371– 1376
Ha³adaj R, Pingot M, Topol M. The Effectiveness of Cervical Spondylosis Therapy with Saunders Traction Device and High-Intensity Laser Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Monit: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research .2017; 23:335–42.
Fazli F, Farahmand B, Azadinia F, Amiri A. A preliminary study: The effect of ergonomic latex pillow on pain and disability in patients with cervical spondylosis. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2018; 32:81.
Kim LH, D'Souza M, Ho AL, Pendharkar AV, Sussman ES, Rezaii P, Desai A. Anterior Techniques in Managing Cervical Disc Disease. Cureus. 2018;10(8)
Peng B, DePalma MJ. Cervical disc degeneration and neck pain. Journal of pain research. 2018;11:2853-7
Audat ZA, Fawareh MD, Radydeh AM, Obeidat MM, Odat MA, Bashaireh KM, et al. Anterior versus posterior approach to treat cervical spondyloticmyelopathy , clinical and radiological results with long period of follow-up. SAGE. 2018; 6:1-7.
Chang C, Huang W, Wu J. The Option of Motion Preservation in Cervical Spondylosis?: Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Update. 2018; 15(4):296–305.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Syeda Bushra Ahmed, Aisha Qamar, Muhammad Imran, Ambreen Usmani, Yasmeen Mehar, Sama ul Haque
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bahria University Medical & Dental College is an open access journal and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 
