Comparision Of BRAF V600E, COX–2 and p53 As Biomarkers For The Early Detection Of Colorectal Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2019017Keywords:
BRAF V600E, COX-2, p53, Colorectal carcinoma, Early detectionAbstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of gastrointestinal cancer. Almost two million new cases of
CRC are diagnosed every year, making CRC the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cancer-associated
cause of mortality in the world. The onset and development of CRC is induced by a combination of genetic and environmental
factors including social, cultural and lifestyle factors. Age is considered as main risk factor for the colorectal cancer, there
is remarkable increase past the fifth decade of life. Because of its high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, colorectal
cancer (CRC) has become a global public health problem. Patients with CRC are typically asymptomatic and therefore it
is difficult to diagnose disease until advanced stages, where the disease becomes incurable. Early diagnosis and therapy
is able to decrease the risk of CRC in this asymptomatic population; however, early diagnosis of CRC remains a challenge
in clinical practice. This review article was a comparative study and aims to explore the ability of the selected markers
for early diagnosis of colorectal cancers for long term survival. Hence, identification of novel non-invasive diagnostic
methods for early tumor detection in CRC is required. Screening of average-risk individuals can reduce CRC mortality
by detecting cancer at an early curable stage. There is need for the implementation of new speci?c and more sensitive
biomarkers in upcoming future which will improve diagnostic strategies and allowing clinicians to detect CRC cases in
the earliest stages of the disease, to improve the prognosis of thousands of patients.
References
Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, PradillaDieste A, Cerrada E, Rodriguez Yoldi M. Colorectal carcinoma: a general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017;18(1):197.
Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer.Nature. 2012;487(7407):330.
Rex DK, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA, Batts KP, Burke CA, Burt RW, et al. Serrated Lesions of the Colorectum: Review and Recommendations From an Expert Panel. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2012. Epub 2012/06/20. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.161 PMID: 22710576.
Snover DC. Update on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma. Human pathology. 2011; 42(1):1– 10. Epub 2010/09/28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2010.06.002 PMID: 20869746.
Chen D et al. BRAFV600E mutation and its association with clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2014; 9(3):e90607.
Nikolaou S, Qiu S, Fiorentino F, Rasheed S, Tekkis P, Kontovounisios C. Systematic review of blood diagnostic markers in colorectal cancer. Techniques in coloproctology. 2018;1:1-8.
Toiyama Y, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Kusunoki M. Circulating cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Surgery today. 2016;46(1):13-24.
Lin J, Chuang CC, Zuo L. Potential roles of microRNAs and ROS in colorectal cancer: diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Oncotarget. 2017;8(10):17328.
Heiss JA, Brenner H. Epigenome-wide discovery and evaluation of leukocyte DNA methylation markers for the detection of colorectal cancer in a screening setting. Clinical epigenetics. 2017;9(1):24.
Vatandoost N et al. Early detection of colorectal cancer: from conventional methods to novel biomarkers. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology. 2016;142(2):341-51.
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M. Colorectal cancer screening: the time to act is now. BMC medicine. 2015;13(1):262.
Bupathi M, Wu C. Biomarkers for immune therapy in colorectal cancer: mismatch-repair deficiency and others. Journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 2016;7(5):713.
Lievre A, Blons H, Laurent-Puig P. Oncogenic mutations as predictive factors in colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2010;29(21):3033.
Sclafani F, Gullo G, Sheahan K, Crown J. BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer: a single oncogenic mutation with different tumour phenotypes and clinical implications. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 2013;87(1):55-68.
Yuan ZX et al. The prognostic role of BRAF mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer receiving anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies: a meta-analysis. PLoS one. 2013;8(6):e65995.
Thomsen CE, Appelt AL, Andersen RF, Lindebjerg J, Jensen LH, Jakobsen A. The prognostic value of simultaneous tumor and serum RAS/RAF mutations in localized colon cancer.Cancer medicine. 2017;6(5):928-36.
Roelofs HM, TeMorsche RH, van Heumen BW, Nagengast FM, Peters WH. Over-expression of COX-2 mRNA in colorectal cancer. BMC gastroenterology. 2014;14(1):90
Farnebo M, Bykov VJ, Wiman KG. The p53 tumor suppressor: a master regulator of diverse cellular processes and therapeutic target in cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2010;396(1):85-9.
Li XL, Zhou J, Chen ZR, Chng WJ. P53 mutations in colorectal cancer-molecular pathogenesis and pharmacological reactivation. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2015;21(1):84.
Hao YX et al. KRAS and BRAF mutations in serum exosomes from patients with colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.Oncology letters. 2017;13(5):3608-16.
Hinoue T et al. Analysis of the association between CIMP and BRAFV600E in colorectal cancer by DNA methylation profiling.PloS one. 2009;4(12):e8357.
Bond CE, Whitehall VL. How the BRAF V600E Mutation Defines a Distinct Subgroup of Colorectal Cancer: Molecular and Clinical Implications. Gastroenterology research and practice. 2018;2018
Tan C, Du X. KRAS mutation testing in metastatic colorectal cancer. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2012;18(37):5171
Sanz-Garcia E, Argiles G, Elez E, Tabernero J. BRAF mutant colorectal cancer: prognosis, treatment, and new perspectives. Annals of Oncology. 2017;28(11):2648-57.
Khan SA et al. V600E BRAF mutations are alternative early molecular events in a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Journal of clinical pathology. 2009;62(7):613-6.
Mostert B et al. KRAS and BRAF mutation status in circulating colorectal tumor cells and their correlation with primary and metastatic tumor tissue. International journal of cancer. 2013;133(1):130-41.
Ye JX, Liu Y, Qin Y, Zhong HH, Yi WN, Shi XY. KRAS and BRAF gene mutations and DNA mismatch repair status in Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2015;21(5):1595.
Cohen R, Cervera P, Svrcek M, Pellat A, Dreyer C, de Gramont A, Andre T. BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer: what is the optimal strategy for treatment?. Current treatment options in oncology. 2017;18(2):9.
Mesteri I, Bayer G, Meyer J, Capper D, Schoppmann SF, Von Deimling A, Birner P. Improved molecular classification of serrated lesions of the colon by immunohistochemical detection of BRAF V600E. Modern Pathology. 2014;27(1):135.
Won DD, Im Lee J, Lee IK, Oh ST, Jung ES, Lee SH. The prognostic significance of KRAS and BRAF mutation status in Korean colorectal cancer patients.BMC cancer. 2017;17(1):403.
Yaeger R et al. BRAF mutation predicts for poor outcomes after metastasectomy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(15):2316-24.
Domingo E, Laiho P, Ollikainen M, Pinto M, Wang L, French AJ, Westra J, Frebourg T, Espin E, Armengol M, Hamelin R. BRAF screening as a low-cost effective strategy for simplifying HNPCC genetic testing. Journal of medical genetics. 2004;41(9):664-8.
Kwon JH, Jeong BK, Yoon YS, Yu CS, Kim J. Utility of BRAF VE1 Immunohistochemistry as a Screening Tool for Colorectal Cancer Harboring BRAF V600E Mutation. Journal of pathology and translational medicine. 2018;52(3):157.
Schafroth C et al. VE1 immunohistochemistry predicts BRAF V600E mutation status and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(39):41453
1. Tie J, Desai J. Targeting BRAF mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: clinical implications and emerging therapeutic strategies. Targeted oncology. 2015;10:179–188.
Levine AJ, Oren M. The first 30 years of p53: growing ever more complex. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:749–758.
Cottu PH et al. Inverse correlation between RER+ status and p53 mutation in colorectal cancer cell lines. Oncogene. 1996;13:2727–2730.
López I, P Oliveira L, Tucci P, Alvarez-Valín F, A Coudry R, Marín M. Different mutation profiles associated to P53 accumulation in colorectal cancer. Gene. 2012;499:81–87.
Lu HY, Lin RT, Zhou GX, Yu TM, Liu ZJ. Critical Role of p53 and K-ras in the Diagnosis of Early Colorectal Cancer: a One-year, Single-center Analysis. International journal of medical sciences. 2017;14(11):1154.
Teras LR, Gapstur SM, Maliniak ML, Jacobs EJ, Gansler T, Michel A, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Campbell PT. Prediagnostic antibodies to serum p53 and subsequent colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2018;27(2):219-23.
Kobayashi K, Tomita H, Shimizu M, Tanaka T, Suzui N, Miyazaki T, Hara A. p53 expression as a diagnostic biomarker in ulcerative colitis-associated cancer. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017;18(6):1284.
C, Nichita L, Voiosu T, Bastian A, Cioplea M, Micu G, Pop G, Sticlaru L, Bengus A, Voiosu A, Mateescu RB. Expression profile of p53 and p21 in large bowel mucosa as biomarkers of inflammatory-related carcinogenesis in ulcerative colitis.Disease markers. 2016.
Tatsu K, Hayashi S, Shimada I, Matsui K. Cyclooxygenase-2 in sporadic colorectal polyps: immunohistochemical study and its importance in the early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Pathology-Research and Practice. 2005;201(6):427-33.
Bujanda L, Sarasqueta C, Cosme A, Hijona E, Enríquez-Navascués JM, Placer C, Villarreal E, Herreros-Villanueva M, Giraldez MD, Gironella M, Balaguer F. Evaluation of alpha 1-antitrypsin and the levels of mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7, urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor and COX-2 for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. PloS one. 2013;8(1):e51810.
Shi G, Li D, Fu J, Sun Y, Li Y, Qu R, Jin X, Li D. Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with activation of the alternative nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in colonic adenocarcinoma. American journal of translational research. 2015;7(9):1612.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Hina Wasti, Summaya Shawana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bahria University Medical & Dental College is an open access journal and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 
