Association between Intraocular Pressure and Myopia Among Children Aged 7 to 16 years
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2023165Keywords:
Emmetropia, Glaucoma, Intra-ocular pressure, MyopiaAbstract
Objectives: To investigate the association between high intraocular pressure and myopia in children and compare it to
emmetropia, and to determine the relationship between elevated intraocular pressure and varying degrees of myopia.
Study design and Setting: Comparative cross-sectional study was performed at the tertiary eye care hospital, Rawalpindi
for six months from July 2021 to December 2021.
Methodology: Patients with myopia of greater than 0.5Ds and emmetropes with visual acuity of 6/6 were included. All
patients underwent visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and fundus examination in order to exclude the myopic patientswith
other systemic and ocular disorders. Intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured using a Tonopen
tonometer and Pachymeter respectively.Data was entered on SPSS version 26 for analysis. Independent sample T-test and
one-way ANOVA was utilized for inferential statistics.
Results: A total of 218 subjects were included with a mean age of 11.38 ± 2.602 ranging from 7 to 16 years. Females
50.9% (n=111) were outnumbered by male participants 49.1% (n=107). The mean IOP in emmetropes was 13.35 ± 2.433
mmHg and in myopes was 15.22 ± 3 mmHg and there is a statistically significant mean difference between these groups
(P-value <0.05). There is also a statistically significant mean difference between IOP and varying degrees of myopia, that
is; low(13.46 ±2.797), moderate(16.62 ± 2.981), and high(19.215 ± 2.184).
Conclusions: The IOP was higher in high and moderate myopic eyes as compared to emmetropes. Moreover, a strong
association was found between myopia and elevated IOP in children.
References
Dutheil F, Oueslati T, Delamarre L, Castanon J, Maurin C,
Chiambaretta F, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC, Zak M, Lakbar I,
Pereira B. Myopia and near work: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health. 2023;20(1):875. https://doi.org/10.3390%
Fijerph20010875
Cumberland PM, Bountziouka V, Rahi JS. Impact of varying
the definition of myopia on estimates of prevalence and
associations with risk factors: time for an approach that serves
research, practice and policy. British Journal of Ophthalmology.
;102(10):1407-12. https://doi.org/10.1136%
Fbjophthalmol-2017-311557
Sankaridurg P, Tahhan N, Kandel H, Naduvilath T, Zou H,
Frick KD, Marmamula S, Friedman DS, Lamoureux E, Keeffe
J, Walline JJ. IMI impact of myopia. Investigative
ophthalmology & visual science. 2021;62(5):2-. https://doi.org/
1167/iovs.62.5.2
Sapkota YD, Adhikari BN, Pokharel GP, Poudyal BK, Ellwein
LB. The prevalence of visual impairment in school children
of upper-middle socioeconomic status in Kathmandu.
Ophthalmic epidemiology. 2008;15(1):17-23. https://doi.org
/10.1080/09286580701772011
Agarwal D, Saxena R, Gupta V, Mani K, Dhiman R, Bhardawaj
A, Vashist P. Prevalence of myopia in Indian school children:
meta-analysis of last four decades. PloS one. 2020;15(10)
:e0240750.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240750
Sirang Z, Nanji K, Jeeva IK, Khan ZW, Kazmi HS. Types of
refractive errors in northern Pakistan: A hospitalbased survey.
Ophthalmology J. 2019; 4:86-91.
Wang YX, Yang H, Wei CC, Xu L, Wei WB, Jonas JB. High
myopia as risk factor for the 10-year incidence of open-angle
glaucoma in the Beijing Eye Study. British Journal of
Ophthalmology. 2023;107(7):935-40. https://doi.org/10.1136/
bjophthalmol-2021-320644
Barros D, Moura JC, Freire CR, Taleb AC, Valentim RA,
Morais PS. Machine learning applied to retinal image
processing for glaucoma detection: review and perspective.
Biomedical engineering online. 2020;19(1):1-21.
Zhang N, Wang J, Li Y, Jiang B. Prevalence of primary open
angle glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and
systematic review. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):13762.
Machiele R, Motlagh M, Patel BC. Intraocular Pressure. In:
StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2022.
PMID: 30335270.
Latif MZ, Khan MA, Afzal S, Gillani SA, Chouhadry MA.
Prevalence of refractive errors; an evidence from the public
high schools of Lahore, Pakistan. JPMA. 2019;69(464).
BaezaMoyano D, González-Lezcano RA. Pandemic of
Childhood Myopia. Could New Indoor LED Lighting Be Part
of the Solution?. Energies. 2021;14(13):3827. https://doi.org/
3390/en14133827
Nadeem S, Naeem BA, Tahira R, Khalid S, Hannan A.
Comparison of Goldmannapplanation, Diatontranspalpebral
and Air Puff tonometers. Pak J Ophthalmol. 2015 ;31(1).
Acharlu PB, MK PR, Srivastava VK. A Study on Association
between Intraocular Pressure and Myopia. Journal of Evolution
of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2020;9(18):1500-4.
14260/jemds/2020/327
Lee AJ, Saw SM, Gazzard G, et al. Intraocular pressure
associations with refractive error and axial length in children.
Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88(1):5-7. https://doi.org/ 10.1136
/bjo.88.1.5
Sun MT, Tran M, Singh K, Chang R, Wang H, Sun Y.
Glaucoma and Myopia: Diagnostic Challenges. Biomolecules.
;13(3):562. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030562
Sharma B. Comparison of intraocular pressure variance in
moderate and high myopia. European Journal of Molecular
& Clinical Medicine.;7(2):2020.
Shim SH, Sung KR, Kim JM, Kim HT, Jeong J, Kim CY,
Lee MY, Park KH. The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma
by age in myopia: the Korea national health and nutrition
examination survey. Current Eye Research. 2017;42(1):65-
https://doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2016.1151053
Han X, Yang T, Zhang J, Yu S, Guo X, Yan W, Hu Y, He M.
Longitudinal changes in intraocular pressure and association
with systemic factors and refractive error: Lingtou Eye Cohort
Study. BMJ open. 2018 Feb 1;8(2):e019416.
Joseph DS, Thampi B, Joosadima A, Mohan A. A study on
association between intraocular pressure and myopia. Int J
Res Med Sci. 2017;4(6):2202-5. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-
ijrms20161786
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Arooshia Shahzadi, Maryam Firdous, Fareeha Ayyub, Sadaf Qayyum, Saif ullah, Rabeeah Zafar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bahria University Medical & Dental College is an open access journal and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0