Adult learning principles and its application
Keywords:
andragogy, pedagogy, assumptions, self-directed learning, problem-based learningAbstract
Andragogy, a Greek word refers to adult learning. In late1960s Malcom Knowles work in adult education spread in North America. Knowles hypothesized a set of assumptions on the characteristics of adult learners. The assumptions are that: adults are independent and self-directed learners, bring rich experience to the educational setting, enter educational settings with readiness to learn, adults are problem-centered in their learning, and best motivated by internal factors. Further research on and ragogy led to reform in all forms of adult education including health profession education and distance learning
References
Henschke, J. A. "Beginnings of the History and Philosophy of Andragogy 1833-2000." In: Integrating Adult Learning and Technology for Effective Education: Strategic Approaches. Wang, V., [Ed]. IGI Global, Hershey, PA, December, 2009.
Knowles, M. Andragogy in Action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1984
Smith, M. K. 'Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy', the e n c y c l o p e d i a o f i n f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n , w w w. i n f e d . o r g / t h i n k e r s / e t - k n o w l . h t m .
Knowles, M.. Self-Directed Learning. Chicago: Follet. 1975
Kaufman D. ABC of learning and teaching in medicine. Applying educational theory in practice. BMJ 2003; 326: 213-6.
Jaleel A, Rahman MA, Huda N. Problem-based learning in biochemistry at Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 2001; 29: 80-4
Biswas R, Umakanth S, Shetty M, Hande M, Nagra JS. Problem-Based Learning in Medical Educators and their Audience: Reflective lessons Learnt from a Lecture Series. Journal of Education Research.,.2009;3(4):1-14
Cindy E, Silver H. What and How Do Students Learn? Educational Psychology Review. 2004; 16(3):235-9.
Schmidt H. Problem-Based Learning: An Introduction. Instructional Science. 22-247-50.1995, Kluwer Academic Publisher
Albanese MA, Mitchel S. Problem-Based Learning: A review of its outcomes and implementation issues. Academic Medicine 1993; 68:52-81.
Ramani S. Twelve Tips to promote excellence in medical teaching. Med Teach 2006. Feb;28(1):19-23
Conn J, Lake F, McColl G, Bilszta J, C Woodward-Kron R .Clinical teaching and learning: from theory and research to application.Med J Aust 2012; 196(8): 527.doi: 10.5694/mja10.11473
Spencer J. ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: learning and teaching in the clinical environment. BMJ 2003; 326: 591-4.
Huda N, Brula Q. An Introductory Course on Study Skills Forming a Bridge Between Traditional and Problem Based Learning (PBL). JPMA. 1999; 49:27-30
Critchley J, DeWitt D, Critchley I. The use of a clinical education facilitator to improve undergraduate medical student education. Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal 2008; 10 (2): 30-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Nighat Huda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bahria University Medical & Dental College is an open access journal and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 
