Diagnostic Utility Of Various Biomarkers For Prostate Cancer: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2019015Keywords:
biomarker, risk factor, prostate cancer, screening of prostate cancerAbstract
Prostate carcinoma is one of the most widespread occurring cancers in males and is the second most common cause of
cancer related mortality in men around the world. The therapeutic success rate for prostate cancer can be greatly improved
if the disease is detected at an early stage. Therefore, a successful therapy depends immensely on the clinical indicators
(biomarkers) for early diagnosis and progression of the disease, as well as the prognosis after the clinical intervention.
Despite of its limitations, prostate biopsy is the “gold standard” for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Beyond the shadow
of doubt, the advent of PSA level has marked a new era for the efficient screening of prostatic lesions, but PSA alone cannot
be considered as an authentic tool for diagnosis. Therefore, the use of new imaging techniques and molecular markers
are of great importance for an accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recent advances in molecular techniques have provided
new tools facilitating the discovery of new biomarkers for prostate cancer. The aim of this review is to examine the current
status of prostate cancer biomarkers, with special focus the on their diagnostic utility and therefore determine a panel of
two or three markers for the prompt diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.
References
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68(1):7–30. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.3322/caac.21442
Mahmood S, Faraz R, Yousaf A, Asif H, Atif A, Waseem M, et al. Annual cancer registry report-2016, of the shaukatkhanum memorial cancer hospital & research center, pakistan. 2016
Beg BM, Pasha AB, Butt NF, Qureshi SS, Randhawa FA. Prostate Cancer Awareness And Knowledge; A Study Of Adult Men In Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health. 2018;8(3):128-32.
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, professional edition e-book.elsevier health sciences; 2014 Aug 27.
Perez-Cornago A et al. Prospective investigation of risk factors for prostate cancer in the UK Biobank cohort study.British journal of cancer. 2017;117(10):1562.
Steck SE et al. Calcium, magnesium, and whole-milk intakes and high-aggressive prostate cancer in the North Carolina–Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP). The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2018;107(5):799-807.
Allott EH et al. Saturated fat intake and prostate cancer aggressiveness: results from the population-based North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases. 2017;20(1):48.
Aaron L, Franco OE, Hayward SW. Review of prostate anatomy and embryology and the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urologic Clinics. 2016 Aug 1;43(3):279-88.
Rosai J. Rosai and Ackerman's surgical pathology e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011 Jun 20.
Bhavsar A, Verma S. Anatomic imaging of the prostate. BioMed research international. 2014
Wilson AH. The prostate gland: a review of its anatomy, pathology, and treatment. Jama. 2014 ;312(5):562-.
Lee CH, Akin-Olugbade O, Kirschenbaum A. Overview of prostate anatomy, histology, and pathology. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2011;40(3):565-75.
Coakley FV, Hricak H. Radiologic anatomy of the prostate gland: a clinical approach. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2000;38(1):15-30.
Giannico GA, Arnold SA, Gellert LL, Hameed O. New and emerging diagnostic and prognostic immunohistochemical biomarkers in prostate pathology.Advances in anatomic pathology. 2017;24(1):35-44.
Waqas M, Shohab D, Khawaja MA, Masood A, Iqbal MW, Akhter S. Outcome Of Trans Rectal Ultrasound Guided Twelve Core Biopsy Of Prostate For The Detection Of Prostate Cancer-a Single Center Experience. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad. 2017;30(1):49-53.
Xiao X, Hu R, Deng FM, Shen SS, Yang XJ, Wu CL. Practical applications of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of genitourinary tumors. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 2017;141(9):1181-94.
Morlando M, Pelullo CP, Di Giuseppe G. Prostate cancer screening: Knowledge, attitudes and practices in a sample of men in Italy. A survey.PloS one. 2017;12(10):e0186332.
Wong MC et al. Global incidence and mortality for prostate cancer: analysis of temporal patterns and trends in 36 countries. European urology. 2016;70(5):862-74.
Carlsson S, Assel M, Sjoberg D, Ulmert D, Hugosson J, Lilja H, Vickers A. Influence of blood prostate specific antigen levels at age 60 on benefits and harms of prostate cancer screening: population based cohort study. Bmj. 2014;348: g2296.
Jin J. Screening for Prostate Cancer. Jama. 2018;319(18):1946
Duskova K, Vesely S. Prostate Specific Antigen. Current clinical application and future prospects.
Diamandis EP. Cancer biomarkers: can we turn recent failures into success?.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010;102(19):1462-7.
9.Lin PY, Cheng KL, McGuffin-Cawley JD, Shieu FS, Samia AC, Gupta S, Cooney M, Thompson CL, Liu CC. Detection of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), a biomarker of prostate cancer, in patient blood samples using a nanoparticle electrochemical biosensor. Biosensors. 2012;2(4):377-87.
Yamoah K, Johnson MH, Choeurng V, Faisal FA, Yousefi K, Haddad Z, Ross AE, Alshalafa M, Den R, Lal P, Feldman M. Novel biomarker signature that may predict aggressive disease in African American men with prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015;33(25):2789.
Gurel B et al. NKX3. 1 as a marker of prostatic origin in metastatic tumors.The American journal of surgical pathology. 2010;34(8):1097.
Nodouzi V, Nowroozi M, Hashemi M, Javadi G, Mahdian R. Concurrent down-regulation of PTEN and NKX3. 1 expression in Iranian patients with prostate cancer. International braz j urol. 2015 Oct;41(5):898-905.
Bowen C, Zheng T, Gelmann EP. NKX3. 1 suppresses TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangement and mediates repair of androgen receptor-induced DNA damage. Cancer research. 2015;14:canres-3387
Kurita T, Medina RT, Mills AA, Cunha GR. Role of p63 and basal cells in the prostate. Development. 2004 Oct 15;131(20):4955-64
Yang K, Wu WM, Chen YC, Lo SH, Liao YC. Np63á Transcriptionally Regulates the Expression of CTEN That Is Associated with Prostate Cell Adhesion. PloS one. 2016;11(1):e0147542.
Murphy AB, Akereyeni F, Nyame YA, Guy MC, Martin IK, Hollowell CM, Walker K, Kittles RA, Ahaghotu C. Smoking and prostate cancer in a multi-ethnic sample. The Prostate. 2013;73(14):1518-28.
Cao Z, Kyprianou N. Mechanisms navigating the TGF-â pathway in prostate cancer. Asian journal of urology. 2015;2(1):11-8.
Barrett CS, Millena AC, Khan SA. TGF-â effects on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion require FosB. The Prostate. 2017;77(1):72-81
Mian OY et al. GSTP1 Loss results in accumulation of oxidative DNA base damage and promotes prostate cancer cell survival following exposure to protracted oxidative stress. The Prostate. 2016;76(2):199-206.
Martignano F et al. GSTP1 methylation and protein expression in prostate cancer: diagnostic implications. Disease markers. 2016;2016
Burgio SL et al. Chromogranin A predicts outcome in prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Endocrine-related cancer. 2014 Jun 1;21(3):487-93.
Erb HH et al. IL-6 sensitizes prostate cancer to the anti proliferative effect of IFNá2 through IRF9. Endocrine-related cancer. 2013:ERC-13.
Yu SH et al. A paracrine role for IL6 in prostate cancer patients: lack of production by primary or metastatic tumor cells. Cancer immunology research. 2015;3(10):1175-84.
Wang L, Ma L, Wang X, Li B, Guo S, Qiao Q. Association of serum EPCA-2 level with prostate cancer in Chinese Han population. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology. 2015;8(8):9397.
Pourmand G et al. EPCA2. 22: A Silver Lining for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Urology journal. 2016;13(5):2845-8.
Jamaspishvili T et al. Clinical implications of PTEN loss in prostate cancer.Nature Reviews Urology.2018 Feb 20.
Adamo P et al. The oncogenic transcription factor ERG represses the transcription of the tumour suppressor gene PTEN in prostate cancer cells. Oncology letters. 2017 Nov 1;14(5):5605-10.
Phin S, Moore M, Cotter PD. Genomic rearrangements of PTEN in prostate cancer. Frontiers in oncology. 2013;3:240
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Beenish Hussain Nomani, Mohiuddin Alamgir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bahria University Medical & Dental College is an open access journal and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 
