Comparison of Gonial Angle Determination from Cephalograms and Orthopantomogram of Patients under Orthodontic Treatment
Keywords:
Gonial angle, Cephalograms, Orthopantomogram, Orthodontic treatment, Dental instituteAbstract
Objective:To compare and find out the possible application of OPG for gonial angle and compare it with cephalogram in
Orthodontic patients of a Public Sector Dental Institute.
Materials and Methods:In this descriptive retrospective study lateral cephalograms and OPG of 103 patients, 27 males and
76 females were analyzed. The gonial angle was determined in panoramic radiographs by two tangents drawn from the condyle’s
posterior borders and right and left ramus and inferior border of the mandible. Landmarks in the cephalogram were identified
and spotted. Cephalometric protractor and calipers were used to mark and measure the angles. Angles and other parameters
were rechecked to counter any missed measurement.
Results: In lateral cephalograms the mean value of gonial angle was 121.77° and in panoramic radiographs 122.18°. In females,
the difference among the mean gonial angle in both radiographs was 1.20 and in males 1.224 while difference among the two
genders was 0.02°. As P > 0.05 for all the variables stated above, these differences were not significant.
Conclusion: OPG may be considered to evaluate the gonial angle as correctly as a lateral cephalogram because in the values
of gonial angles measured in both radiographs there was non- significant difference. The plus point in OPG is that it is more
accurate in evaluating patient’s gonial angles without any overlaid images.
References
Ceylan G, Yanikoglu N, Yilmaz AB, Ceylan Y. Changes
in the mandibular angle in the dentulous and edentulous
states. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(6):680-4
Staley RN. Cephalometric analysis. In:Textbook of orthodontic,
Bishara SE edition 3rd, W. B.Saunders, Philadelphia
, p. 113-7
Mandeep KB, Amandeep SU, Gulsheen KK, Sanjay C,
Anuraj S K. Comparison of gonial angle determination
from cephalograms and orthopantomogram. Indian J
Dent 2014; 5(3): 123-6
White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral radiology: principles and
interpretation. 4th edition, Mosby, St Louis 2000, 205-
Mattila K, Altonen M, Haavikko K. Determination of
gonial angle from the orthopantomogram. Angle Orthod
;47:107-10
Shahabi M, Ramazanzadeh BA, Mokhber N. Comparison
between the external gonial angle in panoramic radiographs
and lateral cephalograms of adult patients with
Class I malocclusion. J Oral Sci 2009;51(3):425-9
Jena AK, Singh SP, Utreja AK. Effects of sagittal maxillary
growth hypoplasia severity on mandibular asymmetry
in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects. Angle Orthod
;81:872-7
Ongkosuwito EM, Dieleman MM, Kuijpers-Jagtman
AM, Mulder PG, van Neck JW. Linear mandibular measurements:
Comparison Between orthopantomograms
and lateral cephalograms. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2009;
:147-53
Fischer-Brandies H, Fischer-Brandies E, Dielert E. The
mandibular angle in the orthopantomogram. Radiologe.
;24(12):547-9
Niwa K, Maeda T, Omichi S, Sumikawa Y. Estimation
of the gonial angle from the orthopantomogram. Gifu
Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1990;17(1):7-16
Fatahi HR, Babouei EA. Evaluation of the precision of
panoramic radiography in dimensional measurements
and mandibular steepness in relation to lateral cephalomerty.
J Mashhad Dent Sch Fall 2007;31:223-30
Zangouei-Booshehri M, Aghili H-A, Abasi M, Ezoddini-
Ardakani F. Agreement Between Panoramic and Lateral
Cephalometric Radiographs for Measuring the Gonial
Angle. Iranian Journal of Radiology 2012;9(4):178-82
Larheim TA, Svanaes DB. Reproducibility of rotational
and angles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1986;90:45-
Alhaija ES. Panoramic radiographs: Determination of
mandibular steepness. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2005;29:165-6
Raustia AM, Salonen MA. Gonial angles and condylar
and ramus height of the mandible in complete denture
wearers-a panoramic radiograph study. J Oral Rehabil
;24(7):512-6
Gungor K, Sagir M, Ozer I. Evaluation of the gonial
angle in the Anatolian populations: from past to present.
CollAntropol 2007;31(2):375-8
Nohadani N, Ruf S. Assessment of vertical facial and
dentoalveolar changes using panoramic radiography.
Eur J Orthod 2008;30(3):262-8
Kurt G, Uysal T, Sisman Y, Ramoglu SI. Mandibular
Asymmetry in Class II Subdivision Malocclusion. Angle
Orthod 2008;78:32-7
Nikneshan S, Sharafi M, Emadi N. Evaluation of the
accuracy of linear and angular measurements on panoramic
radiographs taken at different positions.Imaging
Science in Dentistry 2013;43(3):191-6
Akcam MO, Altiok T, Ozdiler E. Panoramic radiographs:
A tool for investigating skeletal pattern. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:175-81
Slagsvold O, Pedersen K .Gonial angle distortion in
lateral head films: a methodologic study. Am J Orthod
:71, 554-64
Altonen M, Haavikko K, Mattila K .Developmental
position of lower third molar in relation to gonial angle
and lower second molar. Angle Orthod.1977:47:249-55
Ohm E, Silness J.Size of the mandibular jaw angle
related to age, tooth retention and gender. J Oral Rehabil
;26:883-91
Ranta R, Altonen M .A comparative study of gonial
angle and growth of the lower third molar in cleft lip
and palate. An orthopantomographical study. Scand J
Plast Reconstr Surg 1978;12:273-8
Fish SF .Change in the gonial angle. J Oral Rehabil.
;6:219-27
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Mansoor Majeed, Imtiaz Ahmed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Bahria University Medical & Dental College is an open access journal and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 
